生平事迹
“世界上没有什么是极具吸引力作为另一个人的思想情感” -玛格丽特弗洛伊沃什伯恩
玛格丽特弗洛伊沃什伯恩与心灵研究的迷恋导致了四十三年的职业生涯从1894年至1937年持续。 虽然她的职业生涯的决定并没有让妻子和母亲的传统角色，它开辟了更多的东 例如，第一位女性获得博士学位 在心理学和美国心理学会主席领域。在她的生活，她接受了一切，她感兴趣的是：思想，活动，人物，动物。 她被认为是温暖的，尖的许多智慧和目标指示。 在她的生活，她完成了远远超过迄今为止女性平均。
沃什伯恩出生于7月25日，在哈莱姆，纽约市1871年至牧师弗朗西斯和伊丽莎白弗洛伊沃什伯恩。 沃什伯恩是独子，但是，她无处没有提到她的同龄儿时玩伴。相反，她对“只有一个幸运的孩子写的特权时要安静悠闲。 虽然她没有上学，直到她7岁时，她学会了读书写字很久以前。 她的第一个学校私营一名退休长老教会牧师的家中进行完成他的三个女儿。 当她11岁，她参加了一所公立学校。 她1886年毕业的高中在15岁。
下面的秋天，她参加了瓦萨学院，她在化学和法文集中。 然而，当她1891年毕业，她的兴趣改变了哲学和科学。
由于这两个学科的关注似乎在实验心理学的新的科学结合起来，她决心在卡特尔研究在新成立的哥伦比亚大学心理实验室。虽然她完全接受和鼓励卡特尔，哥伦比亚不承认女性研究生。 然而，经过三个月努力，她承认了获准在卡特尔的类注册成为“听话的受托人的特别豁免。” 在一年的卡特尔劝她转移到学校的哲学圣人在康奈尔大学，在那里她可能会收到不仅是一个程度，而且奖学金结束。 因此，在1892年，沃什伯恩成为电子束铁钦纳的第一次，当年，只有大研究生。 她报告说，“他不太知道该如何处理我。”
经过一年在康奈尔大学，瓦萨学院授予她1893年在铁钦纳下所做的工作缺席硕士学位。 一年后，于1894年，她获得了博士学位 康奈尔，第一个博士 这铁钦纳建议。 因此，使她成为第一位完成她的博士，在心理学领域的培训。 秋天她的博士学位后，她继续为心理学，哲学和伦理学的韦尔斯学院教授。 她仍然有六年，保持由每周访问康奈尔大学的接触与使用图书馆和参加讨论会和讲座的利益。 从韦尔斯学院，在1900年，她又回到康奈尔大学的贤者学院作为舍监（美化驻地顾问）为女生宿舍。 间歇性地讲授心理学。 然而，她在1902年退出这一工作接受在辛辛那提大学助理教授，她是在教师职级的女性。
沃什伯恩回到了哲学教授副教授以瓦萨学院于1903年。 部分原因是因为她只有16英里的距离和她的父母，因为这是她的母校。 她回到瓦萨学院，标志着在1903年，在她的职业生涯一个重要据点。 在这方面，她被列入卡特尔的科学1000最重要的“人”名单，她作为美国心理学杂志，一题她，直到她在1939年举行的合作编辑死亡任命一年。 1908年，她的领导下，一个独立部门，心理学在瓦萨成立的，她被任命为教授。 她仍然在瓦萨她的余生：当名誉退休心理学教授，1937年6月。 在她的瓦萨年来，她是一个很招人喜欢的教授，学生评论，“小姐沃什伯恩的演讲非常精彩，准确，清楚这样一个丰富的参考资料和原始资料的引用，几乎压倒学生…我记得希望由于社会心理学课程永远不会结束，一方面是因为对物质吸收魅力，并由于技艺与她展开和发展的主题是“（古德曼，1980）。 她的成功，作为一名教师，这也表明她对教育的内在价值的顶峰，她收到了她的学生在完成二十五年的瓦萨的服务，使他们想让她自己完全花16,000元。 然而，她设立了奖学金学生的心理辅助。
沃什伯恩是引人注目的是教师，但她曾在许多领域的心理学，它也为理论的发展，在她的捐款（包括她的运动理论称为），试点工作，动物行为和专业的服务。 除了出版了200多篇科学文章和评论，她翻译冯特的伦理体系，1897年，写了两本书：心灵的动物，1908年和运动表象，1916年至1905年和1938年。，她出版了68从瓦萨研究心理实验室与117作为联合实验室本科生作者。 在13年至17年的夏天，她任教于哥伦比亚大学的夏季会议心理学，1928年春天的时候，她只休假，她花了地中海邮轮，以及1929年和1932年夏季期间，她前往英国和哥本哈根。她合作的心理公报，1909年至1915年的编辑，对动物行为，1911年至17年杂志副主编，心理审查，1916年至30年顾问编辑，以及心理学的比较，1921年杂志副主编- 1935。 1921年，她是美国心理学协会会长，同年，她被授予爱迪生留声机公司500元奖金的关于音乐的效果最好的研究-一个学习“的器乐情绪的影响”联同在音乐系在瓦萨的同事。 1932年，她是美国代表在哥本哈根国际心理学大会。 玛格丽特弗洛伊沃什伯恩死亡久病之后，关于37年3月17日开始，她受到了脑出血。1939年10月29日， 她死在她位于纽约Poughkeepsie家中享年60岁。
英文版：
Margaret Floy Washburn
Margaret Floy Washburn (July 25, 1871 – October 29, 1939), leading American psychologist in the early 20th century, was best known for her experimental work in animal behavior and motor theory development. She was the first woman to be granted a PhD in psychology (1894); the second woman, after Mary Whiton Calkins, to serve as an APA President (1921); and the first woman elected to the Society of Experimental Psychologists. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Washburn as the 88th most cited psychologist of the 20th century, tied with John Garcia, James J. Gibson, David Rumelhart, Louis Leon Thurstone, and Robert S. Woodworth.
Biography
Born July 25, 1871 in New York City, she was raised in Harlem by her father Francis, an Episcopal priest, and her mother, Elizabeth Floy, who came from a prosperous New York family. Her ancestors were of Dutch and English descent and were all in America before 1720. Washburn was an only child; she did not appear to have childhood companions her age and spent much of her time with adults or reading. She learned to read long before she started school; this caused her to advance quickly when she started school at age 7. In school, she learned French and German. When she was eleven years old, she started at public school for the first time. In 1886, she graduated from high school at the age of fifteen, and that fall, she entered Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York, as a preparatory student. This preparatory status was due to her lack of Latin and French. During her undergraduate years at Vassar, Washburn developed a strong interest in philosophy through poetry and other literary works. She also became a member of Kappa Alpha Theta sorority, and was first introduced to the field of psychology. After she graduated from Vassar in 1891, Washburn became determined to study under James McKeen Cattell in the newly established psychological laboratory at Columbia University. As Columbia had not yet admitted a woman graduate student, she was admitted only as an auditor. Despite the derogatory feelings toward women gaining education at the time, Cattell treated her as a normal student and became her first mentor. She attended his seminary, lectures, and worked in the laboratory alongside men. At the end of her first year of admission at Columbia, Cattell encouraged her to enter the newly organized Sage School of Philosophy at Cornell University to obtain her Ph.D because this would not have been possible at Columbia as an auditor student. She was accepted in 1891 with a scholarship.
At Cornell, she studied under E. B. Titchener, his first and only major graduate student at that time. Her major was psychology. As a graduate student, she conducted an experimental study of the methods of equivalences in tactual perception, as was suggested by Titchener. After two semesters of experimental study, she subsequently earned her Master’s degree in absentia from Vassar College in the late spring of 1893 for that work. During her work on the method of equivalents, Washburn had simultaneously developed the topic for her master’s thesis, which was done on the influence of visual imagery on judgments of tactual distance and direction. In June 1894, she gave her oral presentation, and became the first woman to receive a PhD in psychology (as Mary Calkins had previously been denied her PhD because she was a woman). She was also elected to the newly established American Psychological Association. Her master’s dissertation was also sent by Titchener to Wilhelm Wundt, who translated it and published it in his Philosophische Studien in 1895.
Following her graduation, Washburn was offered the Chair of Psychology, Philosophy, and Ethics at Wells College, in Aurora, New York. She accepted the offer and delighted in spending the next six years there. While she was there, she made sure to visit Cornell often to catch up with her friends and work in the laboratories. However, she then grew tired of the place, and sought a change. In the spring of 1900, Washburn received a telegram proposing her the warden’s position at the Sage College of Cornell University. She accepted the offer and spent the next two years there. Washburn was then offered an assistant professorship of psychology at the University of Cincinnati in Cincinnati, Ohio. This position also gave her full charge of the psychology department. She took the job, but only remained there for one school year before becoming homesick. While at Cincinnati, she was the only woman on the faculty.
In the spring of 1903, she gladly returned to Vassar College as Associate Professor of Philosophy, where she remained the rest of her life. When she started working there, she became the head of the newly founded psychology department. She treated her students well and in turn they appreciated her as a professor. A large number of her students continued to advance in the field of psychology after graduation. Washburn published many of her students’ studies during her career. The students would collect and work with the data while she wrote up and published the experiments. Between the years of 1905 and 1938, she published 68 studies from the Vassar Undergraduate Laboratory. These studies were the largest series of studies from any American university at the time. At one point, her students gifted her with a large sum of money and they wanted her to use the money for leisure. Instead, she used the money as scholarship aids for students in the psychology department.
In 1937, a stroke necessitated her retirement (as Emeritus Professor of Psychology). She never fully recovered and died at her home in Poughkeepsie, New York on October 29, 1939. She never married, choosing instead to devote herself to her career and the care of her parents.
Professional career
Washburn was a major figure in psychology in the United States in the first decades of the 20th century, substantially adding to the development of psychology as a science and a scholarly profession. She translated Wilhelm Wundt’s Ethical Systems into English. Washburn used her experimental studies in animal behavior and cognition to present her idea that mental (not just behavioral) events are legitimate and important psychological areas for study in her book, The Animal Mind (1908). This, of course, went against the established doctrine in academic psychology that the mental was not observable and therefore not appropriate for serious scientific investigation.
Besides her experimental work, she read widely and drew on French and German experiments of higher mental processes stating they were intertwined with tentative physical movements (period). She viewed consciousness as an epiphenomenon of excitation and inhibition of motor discharge. She presented a complete motor theory in Movement and Mental Imagery (1916). During the 1920s she continued to amass experimental data from around the world to buttress her argument. She remained anchored in behaviorist tenets but continued to argue for the mind in this process. She took ideas from all major schools of thought in psychology, behaviorism, structuralism, functionalism, and Gestalt psychology, but rejected the more speculative theories of psychodynamics as being too ephemeral. In current psychology research, echoes of Washburn’s insistence that behavior is part of thinking can be seen in dynamic systems approach that Thelen and Smith (1994) use to explain the development of cognition in humans.
Washburn’s published writings span thirty-five years and include some 127 articles on many topics including spatial perception, memory, experimental aesthetics, individual differences, animal psychology, emotion and affective consciousness. At various times in her career, she was an editor for the American Journal of Psychology, Psychological Bulletin, Journal of Animal Behavior, Psychological Review, and Journal of Comparative Psychology. From 1909 to 1910 and later from 1925 to 1928 she served as the Representative of Psychology in the Division of Psychology and Anthropology of National Research. She became the 30th president of the American Psychological Association in 1921, an honorific title at that time. Being president of the American Psychological Association was one of her dreams growing up. In 1927, she was elected vice president and chairman of Section 1 (Psychology) of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.[4] In 1929, she was elected to the International Committee of Psychology. Washburn was the first woman psychologist and the second woman scientist to be elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1931. The same year, she served as a United States Delegate to the International Congress of Psychology in Copenhagen.
Contributions to psychology
The Animal Mind
Washburn’s best-known work and, arguably, her most significant contribution to psychology was her influential textbook, The Animal Mind: A Textbook of Comparative Psychology. Originally published in 1908, this book compiled research on experimental work in animal psychology. Her range of literature was considerable, resulting in a bibliography of 476 titles in the 1st edition, which eventually grew to 1683 titles by the 4th edition. The Animal Mind covered a range of mental activities, beginning with the senses and perception, including hearing, vision, kinesthetic, and tactual sensation. The books’ later chapter focused upon consciousness and higher mental processes. However, the dominant focus of the book is animal behavior.
A noteworthy feature is the diversity of animal species considered. In an era when animal research was dominated by rats, Washburn references, “not fewer than 100 species, including ants, bees, caterpillars, cats, chickens, chubs, clams, cockroaches, cows, crabs, crayfish, dogs, dragonflies, earthworms, elephants, flies, frogs, goldfish, grasshoppers, guinea pigs, horseshoe crabs, jellyfish, lancelets, leeches, mice, minnows, monkeys, pigeons, pike, planarians, potato beetles, raccoons, salamanders, sea anemones, sea-urchins, shrimps, silkworms, snails, spiders, tortoises, wasps, water beetles, and (yes) rats.” Indeed, she devotes an entire chapter to the mind of the simplest animal, the amoeba.
Also noteworthy is her introductory chapters, which detailed methods of interpreting the results of animal research. Although she was cautious about attributing anthropomorphic meanings to animal behavior and realized that animal consciousness could never be directly measured, she opposed strict behaviorism’s dismissal of consciousness and sought to comprehend as much as possible about animal mental phenomena. She suggested that animal psyches contained mental structures similar to that of humans and therefore suggested animal consciousness is not qualitatively different from human mental life. The greater the similarity in neuroanatomical structure and behavior between animals and humans, the more consciousness could be inferred. In her words:
“Our acquaintance with the mind of animals rests upon the same basis as our acquaintance with the mind of our fellow man: both are derived by inference from observed behavior. The actions of our fellow man resemble our own, and we therefore infer in them like subjective states to ours: the actions of animals resemble ours less completely, but the difference is one of degree, not of kind… We know not where consciousness begins in the animal world. We know where it surely resides—in ourselves; we know where it exists beyond a reasonable doubt—in those animals of structure resembling ours which rapidly adapt themselves to the lessons of experience. Beyond this point, for all we know, it may exist in simpler and simpler forms until we reach the very lowest of living beings.”
The Animal Mind went through several additions, in 1917, 1926, and 1936 and remained the standard textbook of comparative psychology for nearly 25 years, although about 80% of the material from the first edition was retained in subsequent editions. Compared to later editions, earlier editions extensively covered anecdotal evidence. A chapter on emotions was added to the 4th edition.
Motor theory
Washburn’s motor theory attempted to find common ground between the structuralist tradition of her mentor, Titchener, which focused exclusively on consciousness and the rising view of behaviorism, which dismissed consciousness in favor of visible actions. Washburn’s motor theory argued that all thought can be traced back to bodily movements. According to her theory, consciousness arises when a motion or a tendency towards movement is partially inhibited by a tendency towards another movement. In the presence of an object, the senses create an impression of it, including vision, sight, feel etc. This is accompanied by an incipient sense of movement, either towards or from the object. Different objects evoke different senses of motor readiness. When the object is not present, memory re-evokes those sensations. Learning consists of an association of movements into a set of regular series and combinations. When two movements become closely linked in quick succession, the sense of movement from the first primes the next, beginning a series. Ideas are organized the same way. Thinking becomes a derivative of movements of the hands, eyes, vocal cords, and trunk muscles (remember the thinker’s pose). In summary:
“While consciousness exists and is not a form of movement, it has as its indispensable basis certain motor processes, and… the only sense in which we can explain conscious processes is by studying the laws governing these underlying motor phenomena”.
Washburn presented this theory in several of her major works, including her early papers and in chapters she contributed to several collections, including Feelings and Emotions: The Wittenberg Symposium and Psychologies of 1930. However, it was most clearly outlined in what she considered her greatest work, Movement and Mental Imagery: Outlines of a Motor Theory of the Complexer Mental Processes.
主要参考文献：
1、《西方心理学史》郭本禹著 人民卫生出版社
2、《弗洛伊德文集12卷本》车文博主编 九州出版社
3、《心理学大辞条》黄希庭等主编 上海教育出版社
4、《心理学史导论》 赫根汉著
5、 百度百科词条等
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